美國(guó)Seracare熱滅活大腸桿菌O145:H2陽(yáng)性對(duì)照

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美國(guó)Seracare熱滅活大腸桿菌O145:H2陽(yáng)性對(duì)照

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美國(guó)Seracare

數(shù)十年前，科學(xué)家們就已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了將一連串的DNA堿基轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榈鞍踪|(zhì)氨基酸的基本遺傳密碼讀取細(xì)胞。但是十多年來(lái)，他們還在試圖破譯嵌入在生物體基因組中更為復(fù)雜的密碼：組蛋白密碼。組蛋白是指在染色體中DNA纏繞的一類特殊蛋白。采用化學(xué)方法以各種方式調(diào)整組蛋白就可以調(diào)節(jié)(上調(diào)或是下調(diào))基因的活性。
例如，細(xì)胞通過(guò)將三個(gè)甲基附著到H3組蛋白的一個(gè)特異位點(diǎn)上就可以關(guān)閉一些基因。而將三個(gè)甲基附著到另一個(gè)H3位點(diǎn)上，這種稱之為H3K4me3的修飾則可對(duì)基因表達(dá)發(fā)揮正調(diào)控效應(yīng)。細(xì)胞通常將H3K4me3標(biāo)記添加到基因組小段區(qū)域的組蛋白上，然而現(xiàn)在研究人員注意到這種標(biāo)記有時(shí)可以遍布于更大的區(qū)域，修飾大量的組蛋白。
為了查明這些大H3K4me3標(biāo)記區(qū)域是否在組蛋白密碼中傳送了一種信息，斯坦福大學(xué)的分子遺傳學(xué)家Anne Brunet和同事們?cè)?0多種不同的細(xì)胞類型中追蹤了它們的存在。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在不同的細(xì)胞類型中廣大的H3K4me3區(qū)域標(biāo)記了不同的基因。由此，研究人員認(rèn)識(shí)到根據(jù)廣大H3K4me3區(qū)域的染色質(zhì)定位，他們就可以將肝細(xì)胞與肌肉細(xì)胞或腎細(xì)胞區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。此外，他們還注意到這些H3K4me3區(qū)域往往標(biāo)記的是對(duì)細(xì)胞功能至關(guān)重要，或是幫助細(xì)胞確立*身份的一些基因。例如，在胚胎干細(xì)胞中它們出現(xiàn)在控制細(xì)胞特化能力的一些基因上。
研究人員在成體神經(jīng)祖細(xì)胞中利用rnai技術(shù)，進(jìn)一步證實(shí)這些標(biāo)記表明了細(xì)胞的身份。當(dāng)他們利用RNAi來(lái)下調(diào)攜帶大塊H3K4me3標(biāo)記的一些基因時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)損害了細(xì)胞增殖和生成神經(jīng)元的能力。而當(dāng)研究人員沉默只有短H3K4me3標(biāo)記區(qū)域或根本沒(méi)有H3K4me3區(qū)域的基因時(shí)，祖細(xì)胞仍然正常分裂。換句話說(shuō)，大H3K4me3標(biāo)記區(qū)域的存在有可能幫助了細(xì)胞終身維持身份。盡管細(xì)胞利用了幾種方法來(lái)確立它們的身份，“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種新的標(biāo)記，”Brunet說(shuō)。
凱斯西儲(chǔ)大學(xué)表觀基因組學(xué)家Peter Scacheri對(duì)這篇論文給予了高度的評(píng)價(jià)：“我認(rèn)為它將震動(dòng)研究團(tuán)體。盡管許多其他的科學(xué)家們一直在研究H3K4me3標(biāo)記，認(rèn)為這一標(biāo)記可以區(qū)分所有的細(xì)胞類型這一觀點(diǎn)真是令人震驚。檢測(cè)這些標(biāo)記非常容易，因此這一研究發(fā)現(xiàn)使得人們能夠快速地鑒別一些細(xì)胞類型，在諸如癌癥診斷等情況下它將派上用場(chǎng)。”

美國(guó)Seracare

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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
【市場(chǎng)部】    楊永漢

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【騰訊  】 2042552662
【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號(hào)二期2幢101-103室

Decades ago, scientists learned to read cells from the basic genetic code that transforms a series of DNA bases into protein amino acids. But for more than a decade, they are still trying to decipher the more complex passwords embedded in the genome of the organism: the histone code. Histone is a type of special protein that is entangled in the DNA of a chromosome. The chemical regulation of histones in a variety of ways can regulate (up-regulate or down-regulate) the activity of a gene.
For example, cells can turn off some genes by attaching three methyls to a specific site on H3 histones. While attaching three methyls to another H3 site, this modification, called H3K4me3, can exert a positive regulatory effect on gene expression. Cells typically add the H3K4me3 marker to histones in small regions of the genome, but now researchers have noticed that such markers can sometimes modify large quantities of histones throughout a larger area.
To see if these large H3K4me3 marker regions send a message in histone codes, Anne Brunet, a molecular geneticist at Stanford University, and colleagues track their presence in more than 20 different cell types. They found that a wide range of H3K4me3 regions marked different genes in different cell types. As a result, the researchers realized that based on the chromatin localization of the vast H3K4me3 region, they could distinguish hepatocytes from muscle cells or kidney cells. In addition, they also noted that these H3K4me3 regions often tagged genes that are crucial to cellular function or help cells establish unique identities. For example, in embryonic stem cells they appear on a few genes that control the cell's specialized ability.
Using rnai technology in adult neural progenitors, the researchers further confirmed that these markers indicate cellular identity. When they used RNAi to down-regulate a few genes that carry large H3K4me3 markers, they were found to impair the ability of cells to proliferate and produce neurons. When researchers silenced only the short H3K4me3-tagged region or no H3K4me3 region, the progenitor cells normally split. In other words, the presence of a large H3K4me3 tagged region may have helped the cell stay alive for life. Although the cells utilize several ways to establish their identity, "we found a new marker," Brunet said.
Peter Scacheri, an epigenomologist at Case Western Reserve University, commented highly on the paper: "I think it will shake the research community, and while many other scientists have been studying the H3K4me3 marker, they think the marker distinguishes all Of the cell types are so alarming.The detection of these markers is so easy that the study found that it enabled people to quickly identify a few cell types that would be useful in cases such as cancer diagnosis.